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Questions15to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Althoughwealreadyknowagreatdealaboutinfluenza,andalthoughtheWorldHealthOrganizationisconstantlycollectingdetailedinformationfromitschainofinfluenzareferencelaboratoriesthroughouttheworld,itisextremelydifficultforepidemiologists(流行病老师),whostudyinfectiousdisease,topredictwhenandwherethenextfluepidemicwilloccur,andhowsevereitwillbe.
Therearethreekindsofinfluenzavirus,knownasA,BandC.InfluenzaCvirusisrelativelystableandcausesmildinfectionsthatdonotspreadfarthroughthepopulation.TheAandBtypesareunstable,andareresponsiblefortheepidemicsthatcausefrequentconcern.Followinganyvirusattack,thehumanbodybuildsupantibodieswhichconferimmunitytothatstrainofvirus,butaviruswiththecapacitytochangeitscharacterisabletoby-passthisprotection.VariabilityislessdevelopedintheinfluenzaBvirus,whichaffectsonlyhumanbeings.AninfluenzaBvirusmaycauseawidespreadepidemicbutwillhavelittleeffectifintroducedintothesamecommunitysoonafterwards,sincenearlyeveryonewillhavebuiltupantibodiesandwillbeimmune.TheinfluenzaAvirus,whichaffectsanimalsalso,isextremelyunstableandisresponsibleforsomeoftheworstoutbreaksofthedisease,suchastheunparalleledpandemic,orworldepidemic,of1918-1919,whenabouthalftheworld'spopulationwereinfectedandabouttwentymillionpeopledied,somefrompneumoniacausedbythevirusitselfandsomefromsecondarycomplications(并发症)causedbybacteria.
Accuratepredictionisdifficultbecauseofthecomplicationofthefactors.Aparticularvirusmayberelatedtoonetowhichsomeofthepopulationhavepartialinvolvedimmunity.Theextenttowhichitwillspreadwilldependonfactorssuchasitsownstrength,orvirulence,theeasewithwhichitcanbetransmittedandthestrengthoftheoppositionitencounters.Scientists,however,haveareliablegeneralpictureoftheworldsituation.InfluenzaAattacksusinwaveseverytwoorthreeyears,whileinfluenzaB,whichtravelsmoreslowly,launchesitsmainassaultseverythreetosixyears.Theoutbreaksvaryfromisolatedcasestoepidemicsinvolvingatenthormoreofthepopulation.Wemayconfidentlyprophesythatsoonerorlaterlargenumbersofpeoplewillbefeelingtheunpleasanteffectsofsomekindofinfluenzavirus.
15.Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?
A.SymptomsofInfluenza
B.ManVersusVirus
C.WorldHealthOrganization:ForefrontagainstInfluenzaVirus
D.VariabilityofInfluenzaVirus
16.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutinfluenza?
A.Manhasobtainedagreatdealofknowledgeaboutinfluenza.
B.Theoccurrenceofinfluenzaisstillunpredictable.
C.InfluenzaisbeingstudiedextensivelyandsystematicallyinmanycountriesintheworldundertheguidanceofWorldHealthOrganization.
D.Noreliabletreatmentofinfluenzahasyetbeenfound.
17.WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheinfluenzaBvirus?
A.Bvirusisrelativelystableandcausesmildinfectionsthatdonotspreadfarthroughthepopulation.
B.Bvirusisunstable,andisresponsiblefortheepidemicsthatcausefrequentconcern.
C.Bvirusisextremelyunstableandisresponsibleforsomeoftheworstoutbreaksofthedisease.
D.Bvirushasaverydevelopedvariability,anditaffectsonlyhumanbeings.
18.Whichofthefollowingisthemostdangerousvirusaccordingtothepassage?
A.influenzaAvirus
B.influenzaBvirus
C.influenzaCvirus
D.itcannotbedeterminedbytheinformationprovided
19.Whatdoestheword“assault”intheeighthlineofthelastparagraphmean?
A.influenceB.attackC.symptomD.damage
20.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasafactorcontributingtotheextenttowhichavirusspreads?
A.thestrengthofthevirus
B.thestrengthoftheoppositionthevirusencounters
C.theeasewithwhichtheviruscanbetransmitted
D.theimmunitytheviruscaninduce
