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Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenbornahundredyearsago.Becausemorepeoplelivelonger,therearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime.Infact,itisadecreaseindeathrates,notanincreaseinbirthrates,thathasledtothepopulationexplosion.
Prolonginghumanlifehasalsoincreasedthedependencyload.Inallsocieties,peoplewhoaredisabledortooyoungortoooldtoworkaredependentontherestofsocietytoprovideforthem.Inhuntingandgatheringcultures,oldpeoplewhocouldnotkeepupmightbeleftbehindtodie.Intimesoffamine,infantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurviveiftheirparentsstarved,whereasiftheparentssurvivedtheycouldhaveanotherchild.Inmostcontemporary(当代的)societies,peoplefeelamoralobligationtokeeppeoplealivewhethertheycanworkornot.Wehaveagreatmanypeopletodaywholivepasttheageatwhichtheywanttoworkorareabletowork;wealsohaveruleswhichrequirepeopletoretireatacertainage.Unlessthesepeoplewereabletosavemoneyfortheirretirement,somebodyelsemustsupportthem.IntheUnitedStatesmanyretiredpeopleliveonsocialsecuritycheckswhicharesolittlethattheymustliveinnearpoverty.Olderpeoplehavemoreillnessthanyoungormiddle-agedpeople;unlesstheyhavewealthorprivateorgovernmentinsurance,theymustoftengoonwelfareiftheyhaveaseriousillness.
Whenolderpeoplebecomesenileortooweaktocareforthemselves,theycreategraveproblemsfortheirfamilies.Inthepastandinsometraditionalcultures,theywouldbecaredforathomeuntiltheydied.Today,withmostmembersofahouseholdworkingorinschool,thereisoftennooneathomewhocancareforasickorweakperson.Tomeetthisneed,agreatmanynursinghomesandconvalescent(康复的)hospitalshavebeenbuilt.Theseareoftenprofit-makingorganizations,althoughsomearesponsored(赞助)byreligiousandothernonprofitgroups.Whileafewoftheseinstitutionsaregood,mostofthemaresimplydumpinggroundsforthedyinginwhichcareisgivenbypoorlypaid,overworked,andunder-skilledpersonnel.
11.Whatwasthecausetothepopulationgrowthaccordingtothepassage?
A.increaseofbirthrate
B.advanceinmedicalcare
C.well-administeredsocialwelfare
D.thedecreaseofdeathrate
12.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatinsometraditionalsocieties_____.
A.infantsmaybelefttodiewhenthereisn'tenoughfoodtogoaround
B.oldandsickpeoplearecaredforathomeuntiltheydied
C.peoplearerequiredtoretireatacertainage
D.peoplewhoaretooweakorillhavetotakecareofthemselves
13.Whatdoestheword“senile”inthefirstlineofthelastparagraphmean?
A.advancedinageB.sick
C.disabledD.capricious
14.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthenursinghomesandconvalescenthospitalsmentionedintheparagraph?
