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三、阅读理解
阅读下面的短文，从每小题所给出的四个选项中，选出一个最佳选项，并在答题卡的相应位置上涂黑。
A
Does your local town have a nickname? If so, what does it say about the area and the people who live there?Many cities are recognized across the world by their unofficial titles. New York is the Big Apple, London is the Big Smoke, and Los Angeles is famously called La La Land.Now Britain’s National Mapping Agency(规划局), Ordnance Survey, and the British Linguistics(语言学)Charity, the English Project, are launching an interactive project to uncover the nicknames people use for local places.The project, which was launched last week to coincide with English Language Day, is called Location Lingo. It aims to identify the names people use every day, whether it's a term ofendearment(昵称) or a hate name.The University of Winchester’s Professor Bill Lucas is a leader of the English Project. He explains that unofficial place names often show what people think about a place. “The name that people conjure up or create for a place forms an emotional connection,” he says. “So Basingstoke becomes Amazing stoke,Amazing stoke, Swindon is known as Swindump. Padstow, hometown of chef Rick Stein, is nicknamed Padstein.”Basingstoke is a town in central England. The local nickname, Amazing stoke, shows the love that locals seem to have for the area. Swindon，on the other hand，is sometimes called Swindump, showing that local people think it's a big dump.StanfordLe Hope in Essex is called Stanford NoHopeby locals. And Padstow in Cornwall is so closely associated with the local celebrity Rick Stein that it's become known as Padstein.Since launching the online database (数据库) last week, the creators have already received 3,000 alternative titles for places and landmarks.Some also say that the project could even have a practical use. Glen Hart，Ordnance Survey's head of research, says the information could be very helpful to the emergency services, for example.“By having the most complete set ofnicknames, we could help the emergency services quickly locate the right place, and maybe even save lives,” he says.
41. The Big Smoke refers to .
A. New York
B. London
C. Paris
D. Los Angeles
42.The project Location Lingo was launched .
A. On Christmas
B. On Easter
C. On English Language Day
D. On Thanksgiving Day
43. The underlined phrase “conjure up” is closest in meaning to“ ”．
A. make up
B. break up
C. join up
D. pick up
44.In the eyes of many people，Swindon is .
A. beautiful
B. clean
C. dirty
D. attractive
45. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. The project is meant to save lives.
B. The project is well received.
C. The project can be of practical use.
D. The project is of great value.
B
International governments’ inaction concerning sustainable development is clearly worrying but the proactive approaches of some leading-edge companies are
encouraging. Toyota, Wal-Mart, DuPont, M&S and General Electric have made tackling environmental wastes a key economic driver.
DuPont committed itself to a 65% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the 10 years prior to 2010. By 2007, DuPont was saving $2.2 billion a year through energy
efficiency, the same as its total declared profits that year. General Electric aims to
reduce the energy intensity of its operations by 50% by 2015. They have invested heavily in projects designed to change the way of using and conserving energy.
Companies like Toyota and Wal-Mart are not committing to environmental goals out of the goodness of their hearts. The reason for their actions is a simple yet powerful realization that the environmental and economic footprints fit well together. When M&S launched its “Plan A” sustainability programme in 2007, itwas believed that it would cost over £200 million in the first five years. However, the initiative had generated £105 million by 2011/12.
When we prevent physical waste, increase energy efficiency or improve resource productivity , we save money, improve profitability and enhance competitiveness. In
fact, there are often huge “quick win” opportunities, thanks to years of neglect.
However, there is a considerable gap between leading-edge companies and the rest of the pack. There are far too many companies still delaying creating a lean and green business system, arguing that it will cost money or require sizable capital investments. They remain stuck in the “environment is cost” mentality. Beingenvironmentally friendly does not have to cost money. In fact, going beyond compliance saves cost at the same time that it generates cash, provided that management adopts the new lean and green model.Lean means doing more with less. Nonetheless, in most companies, economic and environmental continuous improvement is viewed as being in conflict with each other. This is one of the biggest opportunities missed across most industries. The size of the opportunity is enormous. The 3% Report recently published by WorldWildlife Fund and CDP shows that the economic prize for curbing carbon emissions in the US economy is $780 billion between now and 2020. It suggests that one of the biggest levers for delivering this opportunity is “increased efficiency through management and behavioral change” — in other words, lean and green management.
Some 50 studies show that companies that commit to such aspirational goals as zero waste, zero harmful emissions, and zero use of non-renewable resources are financially outperforming their competitors. Conversely, it was found that climatedisruption is already costing $1.2 trillion annually, cutting global GDP by 1.6%. Unaddressed, this will double by 2030.
46. What does the author say about some leading-edge companies?
A. They operate in accordance with government policies.
B. They take initiatives in handling environmental wastes.
C. They are key drivers in their nations’ economic growth.
D. They are major contributors to environmental problems.
47. What motivates Toyota and Wal-Mart to make commitments to environmental protection?
A. The goodness of their hearts.
B. A strong sense of responsibility.
C. The desire to generate profits.
D. Pressure from environmentalists.
48. Why are so many companies reluctant to create an environment-friendly business system?
A. They are bent on making quick money.
B. They do not have the capital for the investment.
C. They believe building such a system is too costly.
D. They lack the incentive to change business practices.
49. What is said about the lean and green model of business?
A. It helps businesses to save and gain at the same time.
B. It is affordable only for a few leading-edge companies.
C. It is likely to start a new round of intense competition.
D. It will take a long time for all companies to embrace it.
50. What is the finding of the studies about companies committed to environmental goals?
A. They have greatly enhanced their sense of social responsibility.
B. They do much better than their counterparts in terms of revenues.
C. They have abandoned all the outdated equipment and technology.
D. They make greater contributions to human progress than their rivals.
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